The majority of the 10 381 130 inhabitants of the Czech Republic are Czech. Their portion in the whole population of the country is 95%. There are also some ethnic groups, which reside, migrate and immigrate. Among them Germans, Roma, Poles and Hungarians.

In 2007, immigration increased population by nearly 1%. Total fertility rate was low at 1.44 children born/woman. Since 1990 the demography in Czech Republic has changed slightly. There were developments in birthrate, the proportions of deaths in population, divorce and abortion. The birth rate of the Czech population declined below the “lowest-low fertility” level. The age of fertility got postponed to an older age. For these many reasons importance of external migration has increased significantly.
In conformity with trends in recent years:
– the fertility /birth rate/ is slowly rising
– life expectancy is increasing
– the significance of external migration is increasing
– the number of abortions is decreasing.
For the last decade number of deaths exceeded number of live births that produced natural population decrease. Meanwhile number of immigrants exceeded the number of emigrants and created a positive net migration of more than 36 thousand people. Optimistic developments also recorded in the case of abortions, their total number fell. The number of marriages stagnates at levels around fifty thousand and the marriage rate remains low. The mean age at the time of the first marriage reached 30.7 years for men and 28.1 years for women. During 2005, 31.3 thousand marriages ended in divorce, which is 47.3% of the original numbers of marriages. In 2005 the life expectancy at the time of birth reached 72.9 years of age for men and 79.1 for women.
The Structure of Population by Age and Marital Status

Fertility rate of 2.1 children per woman ensures the long-term numerical reproduction of the population. In Czech Republic this rate fall sharply reflecting rapid decline in the number and percentage of children in the population. From 1990 to 2005 the percentage of children at the age under 15 decreased from 21.2% to 14.6%. As a result of this decrease the percentage of children in the total population came to balance the percentage of people over the age of 65, which has not yet begun to grow because thus far just the numerically small pre-war cohorts have reached retiring age. The current trends at the base and the peak of the age pyramid have thus resulted in a decrease in the economic burden of the population, but only temporarily. More pronounced effects of demographic ageing are expected in the years to come, when the large cohorts born during and just after the Second World War begin to reach the age of 65.
The number of marriages stagnates a rate of around 50 000 annually, despite the fact that the large cohorts born in the 1970s are now reaching marrying age. However, some of them seem to be rejecting marriage or at least postponing it until they are older Prague hotels. Compared to 1990’s there was a significant increase in the mean age at the time of the first marriage, from 21.4 to 28.1 years for women and from 24.0 to 30.7 years for men.
Divorce
In 2005, 31.3 thousand marriages ended in divorce. The synthetic indicator of the total divorce rate in year 2005 reached 47.3%, which suggests that were the current rate of divorce to be maintained almost one-half of the original number of marriages would end in divorce. The indicator fell compared to 2004 (49.3%). But if compared to 1990 the difference is still quite substantial- 38.0 %. The divorce rate in the Czech Republic is one of the highest in Europe and in the world. However, this trend in divorce rates probably peaked in 2004, and the intensity of the process has stabilized since then. It tends to be women who propose a divorce in two-thirds of all cases. Over time the average duration of marriages that end in divorce has been increasing and reached 12.2 years in 2005, while the percentage of marriages that divorce just shortly after marrying has been decreasing. This is owing to the decline in the marriage rate in recent years, resulting in an overall increase in the percentage of older marriages. The percentage of divorces between partners with dependent children is decreasing; in 2005 they made up 61.4% of all divorces. In 2005, 28 732 children saw their parent’s divorce; at present roughly ever third to fourth dependent child experiences parental divorce.
Between 1990 and 2005 there was a significant increase in the interval between the birth of the first and second child, from 3.7 to 5.1 years. In connection with the socio-economic changes
of the past fifteen years, society has been losing its pro-family orientation, and the former
two-child model, wherein a woman had her first child shortly after marrying and the second
child followed within four years, has been partly abandoned. The question remains as to
whether women will generally begin to have just one child, or whether they will divide into two groups of women who remain childless, and women who adhere to the two-child fertility model but do so at a later age. This also depends on the extent to which women are able to manage to have two children in time at a later age.
The decline in fertility in the Czech Republic since 1990 is not a general phenomenon and it does not represent a demographic crisis. The most serious negative effect of the trend is its deformation of the age structure. The decline was recorded mainly among younger women, among whom fertility intensity had previously been very high, while fertility among older women is increasing, though not enough to compensate for the decline among young women. At the same time, fertility is increasing among younger age groups of unmarried women. The biggest decrease in fertility was among married women, and this effect was reinforced by a rapid decrease in the marriage rate and thus also in the proportion of married women. The decrease in fertility among younger women was not immediately offset by a rise in fertility among older women, as the latter had already had their children. The several-year gap, when older women were no longer having children while younger women were postponing childbirth, features a sharp decline in total fertility.

Abortion
Over the past fifteen years the abortion rate has been falling substantially. Between 1990
and 2005 the total induced abortion rate fell from 1.5 to 0.35, and the number of abortions, which at the end of the 1980s was comparable to the number of children born (around 120 000), decreased to one-third of its former level. In 2005 a total of forty thousand abortions were recorded.
The introduction of a fee for induced abortions may have contributed to the decrease in the abortion rate in the Czech Republic, but the main reason has been the rapid spread of information about reproductive health, sexuality, planned parenthood, and prevention against sexually transmitted diseases, and especially better access to modern contraceptives since 1990.

Mortality
In 2005, 107 938 people died. The number of infant deaths was
347, of which 206 died within 28 days of their birth. Life expectancy at birth increased for men by one-third from previous levels to reach 72.9 years; for women life expectancy has remained almost the same and is now 79.1 years.
In comparison with 1990, however, the improvement of mortality conditions has led to the extension of life expectancy by 5.3 years for men and 3.7 years for women, with the difference between the sexes thus decreasing from 7.8 to the current 6.2 years. One major reason for this is the improvement of neo-natal health care.. Another reason, at the other end of the age spectrum, is that mortality conditions among the elderly have improved. Conversely, mortality intensity among young people has stagnated since late 1990’s
From the perspective of cause of death, absolutely the biggest source of the increase in life expectancy between 1990 and 2005 is the improvement in the death rate caused by disease of the cardiovascular system and partly also improved diagnostics and treatment. Deaths caused by injury or poisoning are also declining. On the other hand, a slight increase can be seen among deaths caused by disease of the respiratory system, most likely because of the flu epidemic in the month of February.

External Migration
The highest positive net migration since the founding of the Czech Republic in 1993, at 36.2 thousand people, was caused by a higher number of immigrants (60.3 thousand) over emigrants (24.1 thousand). However, it must be stressed that while the number of emigrating Czech citizens officially registered in 2005 was 2269, this figure is understated and does not include those emigrants who did not terminate their permanent residency in the Czech Republic The most active countries in both directions of migration are Ukraine, from where 24.0 thousand people immigrated to the Czech Republic and where during the year 11.4 thousand people emigrated. The next highest migration flows are with Slovakia, Vietnam, and the Russian Federation. The largest number of foreign nationals with residence permits in the Czech Republic are Ukrainians, followed by Slovaks, Vietnamese, Poles, and Russians. The total number of foreign nationals legally residing in the Czech Republic as of 31 December 2005 according to the data of the Foreign and Border Police of the Ministry of the Interior of the Czech Republic
was 278.3 thousand, or 2.7% of the population of the Czech Republic.